Vitalii Shtybin The Circassian expulsion of 1864 was one of the most catastrophic outcomes of the Caucasian War. Unlike other Russian imperial military campaigns, this action involved the deliberate, forced deportation of the entire indigenous population of the Northwest Caucasus, driven either into the marshy lowlands on the southern bank of the Kuban River or across the Black Sea into the Ottoman Empire. By various estimates, this second route alone forced well over half a

Stefan Applis Tusheti is a historic region in the Caucasus. To the north, it is separated from the Republic of Chechnya within the Russian Federation by a mighty mountain range. To the west, another mountain range separates it from the neighbouring Georgian regions Pshavi and Khevsureti. Since the Tusheti region became a UNESCO biosphere reserve, tourism has been steadily increasing. Due to its remote location, traditional architecture has been preserved there largely unchang

Giorgi Meladze More than three decades after independence, Georgia continues to confront a persistent paradox of rule of law reform. In recent years, as concerns about democratic decline and institutional backsliding have intensified, this paradox has acquired renewed significance. Despite repeated constitutional amendments, extensive judicial restructuring, and sustained alignment with European legal standards, courts have struggled to function as independent institutions. E